9
A child lends Rs. 10 to a friend, to be repaid through 11 monthly installments of Rs. 1 each, with simple interest applied. Determine the annual simple interest rate.
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Solution: Step 1: Calculate the total amount repaid and the total interest.
Total principal borrowed = Rs. 10.
Total amount repaid = 11 installments × Rs. 1/installment = Rs. 11.
Total Simple Interest (SI) paid = Total amount repaid - Principal borrowed = 11 - 10 = Rs. 1.
Step 2: Determine the equivalent principal on which this interest is charged over the loan period. Interest is charged on the outstanding balance each month.
Month 1: Rs. 10 is outstanding for 1 month.
Month 2: After the first Rs. 1 installment, Rs. 9 is outstanding for 1 month.
Month 3: After the second Rs. 1 installment, Rs. 8 is outstanding for 1 month.
...and so on.
Month 11: After the tenth Rs. 1 installment, Rs. 1 is outstanding for 1 month (this is the final installment).
Step 3: Sum the outstanding principals for each month to find the equivalent principal for one month, or total 'principal-months'.
Sum of principals = 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 55 (principal-months).
Step 4: Convert the 'principal-months' to 'principal-years' for the annual rate formula.
Equivalent principal-years = 55 months / 12 months/year = 55/12 years (with a principal of Rs. 1).
So, the effective principal for the entire duration if it were a single sum outstanding for a year is 55/12 times the rate.
Step 5: Use the simple interest formula: SI = (P_effective × R × T_effective) / 100.
Here, P_effective is the loan amount, T_effective is the sum of time periods for each Rs. 1 unit of principal outstanding.
Alternatively, Total SI = (Sum of [Principal outstanding each month × Rate × 1/12]) / 100.
1 = ( (10 × R × 1/12) + (9 × R × 1/12) + ... + (1 × R × 1/12) ) / 100.
1 = (R/1200) × (10 + 9 + ... + 1).
1 = (R/1200) × 55.
Step 6: Solve for R (annual rate).
R = 1200 / 55.
R = 240 / 11.
R = 21 9/11 % per annum.
Step 7: The rate of interest is 21 9/11 %.
13
A sum of money was invested at simple interest for 3 years at a specific rate. If the interest rate had been 1% higher, the investment would have yielded Rs. 5100 more. What was the original sum?
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Solution: Step 1: Let the principal sum be P and the original interest rate be R% per annum. The time period is 3 years.
Original Simple Interest (SI_original) = (P * R * 3) / 100
Step 2: If the rate was (R + 1)% per annum, the new simple interest (SI_new) would be:
SI_new = (P * (R + 1) * 3) / 100
Step 3: The difference in interest is Rs. 5100.
SI_new - SI_original = 5100
(P * (R + 1) * 3) / 100 - (P * R * 3) / 100 = 5100
Step 4: Simplify and solve for P.
(3PR + 3P - 3PR) / 100 = 5100
3P / 100 = 5100
3P = 5100 * 100
3P = 510000
P = 510000 / 3
P = 170000
Step 5: The sum is Rs. 170000.
17
A sum is lent at 4% per annum for the initial 3 years, 8% per annum for the subsequent 4 years, and 12% per annum for any period beyond 7 years. If the total simple interest obtained over an 11-year period is Rs. 27,600, what is the original sum (in Rs.)?
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Solution: Step 1: Determine the time duration for each interest rate.
Period 1: 3 years at 4% p.a.
Period 2: 4 years at 8% p.a.
Period 3: Remaining years = 11 - 3 - 4 = 4 years at 12% p.a.
Step 2: Set up the equation for total simple interest (SI), where P is the principal.
Total SI = SI (Period 1) + SI (Period 2) + SI (Period 3)
27,600 = (P * 4 * 3) / 100 + (P * 8 * 4) / 100 + (P * 12 * 4) / 100
27,600 = 12P / 100 + 32P / 100 + 48P / 100.
Step 3: Combine terms and solve for P.
27,600 = (12P + 32P + 48P) / 100
27,600 = 92P / 100
P = (27,600 * 100) / 92
P = Rs. 30,000.