1
Six points, A, B, C, D, E, and F, are equally spaced on a circle with radius R. How many convex pentagons, possessing distinctly different areas, can be constructed by using these points as vertices?
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Solution: Step 1: Understand that the 6 points A, B, C, D, E, F are equally spaced on a circle.
Step 2: We need to form convex pentagons using 5 of these points as vertices.
Step 3: A key property of polygons formed by vertices on a circle is that if the vertices are equally spaced, any choice of the same number of vertices will result in congruent polygons (polygons that are identical in shape and size, differing only in orientation).
Step 4: Since all pentagons formed by selecting any 5 out of these 6 equally spaced points will be congruent to each other (they can be rotated to match), they will all have the exact same area.
Step 5: For example, selecting A, B, C, D, E creates a pentagon. Selecting B, C, D, E, F creates another pentagon that is simply a rotation of the first.
Step 6: Therefore, there is only 1 type of convex pentagon in terms of area that can be drawn.
4
A triangle has side lengths given by the expressions (x² - 1), (x² + 1), and 2x cm. What type of triangle is it?
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Solution: Step 1: Let the three side lengths of the triangle be a = (x² - 1), b = 2x, and c = (x² + 1).
Step 2: For these to be valid side lengths, x must be greater than 1 (to ensure x²-1 > 0).
Step 3: Identify the longest side. For x > 1, (x² + 1) will be the longest side, representing the potential hypotenuse.
Step 4: Check if these side lengths satisfy the Pythagorean theorem (a² + b² = c²), which is characteristic of a right-angled triangle.
Step 5: Substitute the given expressions into the Pythagorean theorem:
(x² - 1)² + (2x)² = (x² + 1)².
Step 6: Expand the terms:
(x² - 1)² = x⁴ - 2x² + 1
(2x)² = 4x²
(x² + 1)² = x⁴ + 2x² + 1
Step 7: Perform the addition on the left side of the equation:
(x⁴ - 2x² + 1) + 4x² = x⁴ + 2x² + 1.
Step 8: Compare the left-hand side and the right-hand side: x⁴ + 2x² + 1 = x⁴ + 2x² + 1.
Step 9: Since both sides of the equation are equal, the Pythagorean theorem is satisfied.
Step 10: Therefore, the triangle is a right-angled triangle.
7
ABCD is a quadrilateral with ∠D = 90°. A circle with center O touches the sides AB, BC, CD, and DA at points P, Q, R, and S, respectively. If BC = 40 cm, BP = 28 cm, and CD = 25 cm, what is the radius of the circle?
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Solution: Step 1: Recall that tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal in length.
Step 2: From point B, BP and BQ are tangents. Given BP = 28 cm, so BQ = 28 cm.
Step 3: Given BC = 40 cm. Then CQ = BC - BQ = 40 - 28 = 12 cm.
Step 4: From point C, CQ and CR are tangents. Since CQ = 12 cm, CR = 12 cm.
Step 5: Given CD = 25 cm. Then DR = CD - CR = 25 - 12 = 13 cm.
Step 6: Let 'r' be the radius of the circle. The radius drawn to the point of tangency is perpendicular to the tangent. So, OS ⊥ DA and OR ⊥ CD.
Step 7: Consider the quadrilateral DROS. We have ∠D = 90° (given), ∠ORD = 90° (radius ⊥ tangent), and ∠OSD = 90° (radius ⊥ tangent).
Step 8: The sum of angles in a quadrilateral is 360°. So, ∠ROS = 360° - (90° + 90° + 90°) = 90°.
Step 9: Since all angles of DROS are 90°, and OR = OS = r (radii), DROS is a square with side length equal to the radius.
Step 10: Therefore, r = DR. From Step 5, DR = 13 cm. So, the radius of the circle is 13 cm.
14
G is the centroid of triangle ABC, with side lengths AB = 7 cm, BC = 24 cm, and CA = 25 cm. Determine the length of BG.
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Solution: Step 1: Check the side lengths of ΔABC (7 cm, 24 cm, 25 cm) to identify if it's a right-angled triangle. Apply the Pythagorean theorem: 7² + 24² = 49 + 576 = 625. Since 25² = 625, the triangle is a right-angled triangle with the right angle at B (opposite the hypotenuse AC).
Step 2: G is the centroid of the triangle. The centroid is the point where the medians intersect. BG is a segment of the median drawn from vertex B to the midpoint of side AC.
Step 3: Let D be the midpoint of the hypotenuse AC. In a right-angled triangle, the median to the hypotenuse is half the length of the hypotenuse.
Step 4: Length of median BD = (1/2) * AC = (1/2) * 25 cm = 12.5 cm.
Step 5: The centroid divides each median in the ratio 2:1, starting from the vertex. So, BG : GD = 2 : 1.
Step 6: Therefore, BG = (2/3) of the total length of the median BD.
Step 7: Calculate BG: BG = (2/3) * 12.5 = (2/3) * (25/2) = 25/3 cm.
Step 8: Express as a mixed fraction: BG = 8 1/3 cm.
20
Given a triangle whose side lengths are in proportion to the numbers 7, 24, and 30, classify the type of angle it possesses.
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Solution: Step 1: Let the sides of the triangle be 7k, 24k, and 30k for some constant k > 0. For classification, we can use the actual numbers 7, 24, and 30.
Step 2: Identify the longest side, which is 30. Let's call the sides a=7, b=24, c=30.
Step 3: Apply the extended Pythagorean theorem to classify the triangle based on its angles:
* If a² + b² = c², it's a right-angled triangle.
* If a² + b² > c², it's an acute-angled triangle.
* If a² + b² < c², it's an obtuse-angled triangle.
Step 4: Calculate the sum of squares of the two shorter sides: 7² + 24² = 49 + 576 = 625.
Step 5: Calculate the square of the longest side: 30² = 900.
Step 6: Compare the results: 625 < 900.
Step 7: Since the sum of the squares of the two shorter sides is less than the square of the longest side (625 < 900), the triangle is an obtuse-angled triangle.