5
Determine the smallest multiple of 7 that yields a remainder of 4 when divided by 6, 9, 15, and 18.
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Solution: Step 1: Find the L.C.M. of 6, 9, 15, and 18.
Prime factorization:
6 = 2 × 3
9 = 3^2
15 = 3 × 5
18 = 2 × 3^2
L.C.M. = 2 × 3^2 × 5 = 2 × 9 × 5 = 90.
Step 2: The required number must be of the form (L.C.M. × k) + remainder. So, the number is 90k + 4.
Step 3: This number must also be a multiple of 7. Test values for k to find the least k for which (90k + 4) is divisible by 7.
If k = 1, number = 90(1) + 4 = 94 (94 ÷ 7 = 13 R 3)
If k = 2, number = 90(2) + 4 = 184 (184 ÷ 7 = 26 R 2)
If k = 3, number = 90(3) + 4 = 274 (274 ÷ 7 = 39 R 1)
If k = 4, number = 90(4) + 4 = 360 + 4 = 364.
Step 4: Check if 364 is divisible by 7.
364 ÷ 7 = 52. It is exactly divisible by 7.
Step 5: The least number satisfying all conditions is 364.
7
What is the smallest number that, when divided by 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16, always results in a remainder of 2?
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Solution: Step 1: The least number that leaves a common remainder 'R' when divided by a set of numbers (N1, N2, ...) is given by the formula (L.C.M. of N1, N2, ...) + R.
Step 2: Find the L.C.M. of 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16.
Prime factorization:
4 = 2^2
6 = 2 × 3
8 = 2^3
12 = 2^2 × 3
16 = 2^4
L.C.M. = 2^4 × 3 = 16 × 3 = 48.
Step 3: The given remainder is 2.
Step 4: Apply the formula to find the required number.
Required number = L.C.M. + remainder = 48 + 2 = 50.
8
What is the smallest number that needs to be subtracted from 1294 so that the resulting number yields a remainder of 6 when divided by 9, 11, and 13 individually?
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Solution: Step 1: Let the remaining number after subtraction be N. The problem states that N leaves a remainder of 6 when divided by 9, 11, and 13.
Step 2: This implies that (N - 6) must be perfectly divisible by 9, 11, and 13.
Step 3: Therefore, (N - 6) must be a common multiple of 9, 11, and 13. To find the smallest such N, (N - 6) must be the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of 9, 11, and 13.
Step 4: Calculate the LCM of 9, 11, and 13. Since 9 (3^2), 11 (prime), and 13 (prime) are pairwise co-prime, their LCM is simply their product.
LCM(9, 11, 13) = 9 × 11 × 13 = 99 × 13 = 1287.
Step 5: So, N - 6 = 1287.
Step 6: Solve for N: N = 1287 + 6 = 1293.
Step 7: The question asks for the least number that must be subtracted from 1294 to get N. Let this number be 'X'.
Step 8: X = 1294 - N = 1294 - 1293 = 1.
Step 9: Therefore, the least number that must be subtracted is 1.
9
Determine the smallest number such that if 5 is added to it, the resulting sum is perfectly divisible by 24, 32, 36, and 54.
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Solution: Step 1: Let the required least number be N.
Step 2: The problem states that (N + 5) is divisible by 24, 32, 36, and 54. This means (N + 5) is the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of these numbers.
Step 3: Calculate the LCM of 24, 32, 36, and 54.
Prime factorization:
24 = 2^3 × 3
32 = 2^5
36 = 2^2 × 3^2
54 = 2 × 3^3
Step 4: Identify the highest power of each prime factor present:
2^5 (from 32)
3^3 (from 54)
Step 5: Calculate the LCM = 2^5 × 3^3 = 32 × 27 = 864.
Step 6: So, N + 5 = 864.
Step 7: Solve for N:
N = 864 - 5 = 859.
Step 8: The least number is 859.
11
Five bells start tolling simultaneously. They then toll at individual intervals of 6, 5, 7, 10, and 12 seconds. Excluding the initial simultaneous toll, how many times will all five bells toll together within a one-hour period?
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Solution: Step 1: To find when the bells will toll together again, calculate the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of their individual tolling intervals: 6, 5, 7, 10, and 12 seconds.
Step 2: Find the prime factorization of each number:
6 = 2 * 3
5 = 5
7 = 7
10 = 2 * 5
12 = 2^2 * 3
Step 3: The LCM is found by taking the highest power of all prime factors present: LCM = 2^2 * 3 * 5 * 7 = 4 * 3 * 5 * 7 = 420.
Step 4: The bells will toll together every 420 seconds.
Step 5: Convert 420 seconds to minutes: 420 seconds / 60 seconds/minute = 7 minutes.
Step 6: The total duration for which we need to count is one hour. Convert one hour to minutes: 1 hour = 60 minutes.
Step 7: To find how many times they toll together in one hour (excluding the start), divide the total time by the interval time: 60 minutes / 7 minutes/toll.
Step 8: 60 / 7 = 8 with a remainder. This means they will toll together 8 additional times within the 60-minute period after the initial simultaneous toll.
15
Four individuals begin running simultaneously around a circular track from the same starting point on the circumference at 9:00 am. They complete one round in 40, 50, 60, and 30 minutes, respectively. At what time will they all meet together at the starting point again?
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Solution: Step 1: To find when they will all meet together again at the starting point, calculate the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of their individual times to complete one round.
Step 2: The given times are 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 60 minutes, and 30 minutes.
Step 3: Calculate LCM(40, 50, 60, 30):
- Prime factorization: 40 = 2^3 * 5, 50 = 2 * 5^2, 60 = 2^2 * 3 * 5, 30 = 2 * 3 * 5.
- LCM = 2^3 * 3^1 * 5^2 = 8 * 3 * 25 = 600.
Step 4: They will meet again after 600 minutes.
Step 5: Convert 600 minutes to hours: 600 minutes / 60 minutes/hour = 10 hours.
Step 6: Since they started at 9:00 am, they will meet again at 9:00 am + 10 hours = 7:00 pm.
17
Three individuals, A, B, and C, begin running simultaneously from the same starting point and in the same direction around a circular stadium. A finishes a lap in 252 seconds, B in 308 seconds, and C in 198 seconds. How long will it take for them to all meet again at their starting point?
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Solution: Step 1: To find when A, B, and C will all meet again at the starting point, calculate the Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.) of their individual lap times.
The lap times are 252 seconds, 308 seconds, and 198 seconds.
Step 2: Find the prime factorization of each number:
252 = 2^2 × 3^2 × 7
308 = 2^2 × 7 × 11
198 = 2 × 3^2 × 11
Step 3: Calculate the L.C.M. by taking the highest power of all prime factors present:
L.C.M. = 2^2 × 3^2 × 7 × 11 = 4 × 9 × 7 × 11 = 36 × 77 = 2772.
Step 4: They will meet again after 2772 seconds. Convert this time into minutes and seconds.
Number of minutes = 2772 ÷ 60 = 46 with a remainder of 12.
So, 2772 seconds = 46 minutes and 12 seconds.